Day 29 Act V · The King & the Legacy 1680–1707 · the long war

The Dream That Didn't Die

The emperor came south with one of the biggest armies of its age, sure that without Shivaji the Marathas would crumble. Two sons, two brave queens and a whole people proved him wrong. Tonight: the dream outlives the dreamer.

01

Twenty-six years of war

Arabian Sea Rajaram's escape, 1689 to Delhi and beyond, in the years to come Raigad Sangameshwar, 1689 Tulapur Sinhagad, 1700 Ahmednagar, 1707 Khuldabad Ramsej Keladi Gingee
A war without a single front. The emperor's armies came south in 1681–82; the Marathas fought from the hills, the coast and far-off Gingee — until the emperor himself died at Ahmednagar in 1707.

📍 See Tulapur and Gingee on the real map →

02

Tonight's telling

About 10 minutes, read aloud slowly · choose your language

Last night Shivaji's life came to an end. So tonight's question is a big one: did his dream end too? Far away in the north, the emperor Aurangzeb was sure it would. Without Shivaji, he thought, the Marathas would fall apart like a necklace whose string has snapped. Tonight's story covers many years, so we will see it the way a bird sees a long road: from high in the sky.

First there was a struggle at home. Some officials placed young Rajaram on the throne. But Shivaji's elder son, Sambhaji, took Raigad, and in January 1681 he was crowned there as the second Chhatrapati.

Do you remember Sambhaji? He was the boy of nine who went with his father to Agra on Day 16, and escaped with him. He had grown up brave and clever. While still young he wrote a book in Sanskrit, the Budhbhushanam, about how a king should rule. And now he would need every bit of that courage.

Because in 1681 and 1682 Aurangzeb himself marched south, with one of the biggest armies of its time: a moving city of tents, elephants, cannon and hundreds of thousands of people. He had made up his mind to finish the Marathas once and for all. He never went back north again.

For the rest of his reign Sambhaji fought him — and fought the Siddis of Janjira and the Portuguese of Goa as well. The Mughals found that Shivaji's forts were just as hard without Shivaji. A small hill fort called Ramsej, near Nashik, held out against a Mughal army many times the size of its garrison.

Then, early in 1689, came a terrible day. Sambhaji was at Sangameshwar, in the Konkan, with only a small band of men, when Mughal soldiers — guided by people who had betrayed him — surrounded the place. He was captured, together with his friend and adviser, the poet Kavi Kalash. Aurangzeb wanted Sambhaji to hand over his forts and bow before him. Sambhaji refused. And on the 11th of March, 1689, at Tulapur, near Pune, where rivers meet, he was put to death. He was thirty-one years old.

That is a very sad thing to hear, and it is all right to feel sad. But think about what his "no" meant. A king who will not bow cannot be used to make his people bow either. Many people in Maharashtra still honour Sambhaji as Dharmaveer, "the hero of dharma" — the hero who stood firm.

Now the emperor's army surrounded Raigad itself. Inside was Sambhaji's wife, Yesubai, and she made a brave and wise choice. If the whole royal family stayed in one fort, they could all be captured together. So she sent Rajaram, her husband's younger brother, away to carry on the fight, while she stayed behind. When Raigad fell, late in 1689, Yesubai and her little son Shahu, about seven years old, were taken prisoner.

Rajaram slipped south in disguise, through forests and across rivers, with Mughal soldiers hunting him. On the way, the brave queen of Keladi, Chennamma, sheltered him and held back his pursuers. In November 1689 he reached a fortress you know — Gingee, from Day 25. The fort his father had won now kept his son safe, and from there Rajaram ruled.

And then the Marathas did something the emperor did not expect. With no king to capture, they fought like a river: block one channel and the water finds another. Commanders like Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav galloped from one end of the Deccan to the other, striking Mughal camps and vanishing again. A popular story claims that the Mughals' horses grew so afraid of them that they would not drink from a river — as if they could see Santaji and Dhanaji in the water!

Rajaram died at Sinhagad in 1700. Still the fight went on. His wife, Tarabai — the daughter of Hambirrao Mohite, Shivaji's own commander-in-chief — took charge for her little son. She planned campaigns, rode with the army, and sent Maratha horsemen further than ever, even across the great Narmada river.

Aurangzeb grew very old in the Deccan. For more than twenty-five years he camped and besieged and marched, and when one fort fell, the Marathas took back another. In 1707, at Ahmednagar, the emperor died, almost ninety years old. He never saw Delhi again, and he never defeated the Marathas. He is buried in a simple grave at Khuldabad.

Soon after, Shahu was set free and became Chhatrapati. And in the years that followed, Maratha armies rode further than Shivaji could ever have imagined: to Delhi, and as far as Attock on the river Indus. The little seed planted at Raireshwar had grown into a mighty tree.

And Yesubai? She was kept a prisoner of the Mughals for thirty long years. When at last she came home, in 1719, she was no longer young. But the kingdom she had helped to save, on the day she sent Rajaram away from Raigad, was still standing — and her own son, Shahu, was its Chhatrapati. Sometimes the bravest thing a person can do is to wait, and never give up hope.

Now for the honest part. Sambhaji's story is told very differently by different historians: some older writers judged him harshly, while many modern historians see a brave king in a terrible time. Details of his capture and death vary. And the Marathas did not always agree with each other — after Shahu came home, there were bitter quarrels among them, too.

Goodnight — tonight's badge: ajinkya, "unconquerable" — you can capture a king, but not a whole people's dream.

Sambhaji was the nine-year-old in Agra on Day 16; Gingee was won on Day 25; Tarabai's father Hambirrao became commander of the army on Day 19. And the "string of the necklace" — tomorrow we tie it back together. Tomorrow, the last night: the memory garland.

Say it out loud

संभाजीSambhaji
SUM-bhaa-jee
the second Chhatrapati, Shivaji's elder son
येसूबाईYesubai
YAY-soo-baa-ee
Sambhaji's wife, who stayed in Raigad
ताराबाईTarabai
TAA-raa-baa-ee
Rajaram's wife, who led the fight
तुळापूरTulapur
TU-ḷaa-poor
where rivers meet, near Pune
संताजी-धनाजीSantaji–Dhanaji
SUN-taa-jee DHA-naa-jee
two famous Maratha commanders
अजिंक्यajinkya
a-JINK-ya
unconquerable
03

Tonight's collectible

The twenty-ninth badge

An emperor with one of the biggest armies on earth spent twenty-six years trying to end one dream. He failed — because the dream no longer belonged to one man. It belonged to everyone.

↻ Hover or tap the coin to turn it over.

04

For the grown-up reading aloud

The Mughal–Maratha war of 1681–1707 in brief. Sambhaji's death is told gently; details for you below.

History

The succession, 1680–81

A faction around Soyarabai installed the ten-year-old Rajaram (21 April 1680). Sambhaji (b. 14 May 1657, Purandar) seized Panhala and then Raigad, assumed power on 20 July 1680 and was formally crowned at Raigad on 16 January 1681. After a failed plot against Sambhaji in 1681, several officials were executed. Soyarabai died the same year; some sources say she was put to death, others (e.g. V. S. Bendrey) reject this. Sambhaji's Budhbhushanam is a Sanskrit work on statecraft.

History

Capture and death of Sambhaji, 1689

Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash were captured at Sangameshwar in February 1689 by Muqarrab Khan's force, guided by informers. Taken to Aurangzeb's camp at Bahadurgad, they were tortured and executed at Tulapur, at the confluence of the Bhima and Indrayani, on 11 March 1689; Khafi Khan and Ishwar Das Nagar describe the torture. His samadhi is at nearby Vadhu Budruk. We tell children only that he refused to submit and was put to death.

History

Yesubai, Rajaram and Gingee

Rajaram was proclaimed at Raigad in early 1689 and, on Yesubai's counsel, left before the siege closed. Travelling in disguise, he was aided by Keladi Chennamma and reached Gingee about 1 November 1689 (route details come mainly from Keshav Pandit's incomplete Rajaramacharita). Raigad fell in November 1689; Yesubai and the young Shahu were held by the Mughals — Shahu until 1707, Yesubai until 1719. Gingee was besieged from 1690 and fell in 1698, after Rajaram had escaped.

History

Tarabai, and the emperor's end

Rajaram died at Sinhagad on 3 March 1700. Tarabai, daughter of Hambirrao Mohite, became regent for her son Shivaji II and directed the war; by 1705 Maratha forces had crossed the Narmada into Malwa. Aurangzeb died at Ahmednagar on 3 March 1707, aged 88, and is buried at Khuldabad. Shahu was released in 1707; a civil war with Tarabai's faction followed. Under the Peshwas, Maratha armies reached Attock in 1758.

Debated

How Sambhaji is remembered

Older Maratha chronicles and some 20th-century historians portrayed Sambhaji unfavourably; more recent scholarship and popular memory emphasise his military record and his defiance. The title Dharmaveer is a later popular honorific. The saying about Santaji and Dhanaji in the water is popular tradition, not a documented quotation.

05

The thirty-night journey

I · Dream is Born ✓
II · Lion Rises ✓
III · Shaking Empires ✓
IV · The Crown ✓
V · King & Legacy
Tonight Nights to come Nights told

Fact & legend, kept honest

History
Sambhaji crowned (1681); Aurangzeb in the Deccan from 1681–82; Sambhaji captured at Sangameshwar and executed at Tulapur (11 March 1689); Rajaram at Gingee; Tarabai's regency; Aurangzeb's death in 1707.
Tradition
"Santaji and Dhanaji in the water"; the title Dharmaveer.
Debated
Sambhaji's character and reputation; details of his capture and of Rajaram's route.