Day 26 Act V · The King & the Legacy how swarajya was ruled

The Just King

No battle tonight. Instead, a farmer's mango tree, a village headman who broke the law, and a letter about God that was sent to an emperor. Tonight: what the golden scales meant.

01

The golden scales

mango jackfruit the farmer the king one law for both the scales beside the throne, 1674
Level scales. On coronation day a pair of golden scales stood by the throne. Tonight's stories are about what they meant: the same fairness for the farmer as for the king — and, in a later book of the kingdom's rules, a mango tree that even the navy was not allowed to cut.

⚖️ Back to the coronation (Day 22) →

02

Tonight's telling

About 10 minutes, read aloud slowly · choose your language

Tonight there is no battle, no siege and no secret escape. Do you remember the golden scales that stood beside the throne on coronation day, perfectly balanced? Tonight we find out what those scales meant. Winning battles is only half of being a king. The other half is what happens in an ordinary village, on an ordinary day, when no one important is watching.

Most of Shivaji's people were farmers. And for a farmer in those days, an army marching past could be almost as bad as a drought. Hungry soldiers took grain from the storeroom, grass for their horses, wood for their fires and vegetables from the fields — and their horses trampled the crops. Whole villages ran away into the hills when they heard an army was coming.

In 1673 part of Shivaji's cavalry camped for the rainy season at Chiplun, in the Konkan. And Shivaji wrote a letter to its officers that still survives. Buy your grain and fodder in the market, he told them, and pay for it. Do not take anything from the farmers — not grain, not bread, not grass, not firewood, not vegetables. If you trouble them, he warned, the farmers will run away and starve, and they will curse you and say: you are worse than the Mughals who overran our land!

Children in Maharashtra still learn a famous saying that sums up his orders: do not touch even the stalk of a farmer's vegetable. Imagine a king, with a whole army, thinking about one farmer's vegetable patch!

He thought about trees, too. Remember the navy he built on Day 24? Ships need a great deal of wood. Years after his death, one of his ministers wrote down the rules of the kingdom in a book called the Ajnapatra, and it says that teak and other big trees could be cut for the ships, but only with permission. Mango and jackfruit trees were not to be touched at all. Why? Because, the book says, those trees take many years to grow, and the people have raised them like their own children. Even a tree that was dying had to be bought from its owner, and cut only when the owner was happy to agree.

His soldiers were paid wages from the treasury, and anything they captured on a campaign had to be handed in. His officers measured the fields, so that each farmer's tax was fixed and fair, and a greedy official could not simply demand more. And among his eight ministers sat a judge, the Nyayadhish, whose work was justice.

Justice mattered to Shivaji from his very first years as a young ruler. When he was only about fifteen or sixteen, the patil — the headman — of a village near Pune called Ranjhe did a terrible wrong to a woman of his village. A patil was an important, powerful man, and many rulers of that time would have looked away. Shivaji did not. The patil was brought to Pune and tried. He was found guilty, punished very severely, and lost his post as patil for ever. The message went out across the valleys: in this land, no one is too important to obey the law.

There is also a much-loved legend. When Shivaji's men captured the town of Kalyan, some soldiers brought him a "prize": the beautiful young daughter-in-law of the defeated governor. Shivaji was not pleased. He spoke to her with great respect, and the story says he smiled and told her: "If only my own mother had been as beautiful as you, I would have been handsome too!" Then he sent her home safely, with gifts and an escort. No record from that time tells this story, so it is a legend. But it fits what the records do say.

For here is something remarkable. A Mughal historian named Khafi Khan was no friend of Shivaji at all, and wrote many harsh things about him. Yet even he wrote that Shivaji made strict rules: wherever his soldiers went, they must do no harm to mosques, to the holy Quran, or to any woman. When your enemy's own historian says that about you, it is probably true.

That brings us to faith. Shivaji was a devout Hindu who prayed to the goddess Bhavani all his life. But Muslims served him too, some in very high places — like Daulat Khan, one of the commanders of his navy. You can read more about that in our bonus story about saints of every faith.

And in 1679 something happened that tested all this. The Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb, brought back a heavy tax called the jizya, which only non-Muslims had to pay. A famous letter of protest reached him. God, it said, is the Lord of all people, not of Muslims only. In the mosque, people call out to Him in prayer; in the temple, when the bells ring, it is still Him they are longing for.

That letter is usually credited to Shivaji. Some older writers thought it came from a Rajput king instead, but the great historian Jadunath Sarkar, after studying a Persian copy, concluded that Shivaji sent it. Whoever held the pen, its idea is a beautiful one: that God belongs to everybody.

Now for the honest part. Shivaji's kingdom was not perfect. His armies raided enemy lands, like Surat on Day 14, and ordinary people there suffered. And surely some of his own officials broke his rules. But his letters show us what he wanted his kingdom to be: a place where the farmer, the woman and the person of another faith could all feel safe.

Goodnight — tonight's badge: nyay, "justice" — the scales held level, for the farmer and the king alike.

On Day 1 we promised a kingdom whose first duty was to protect the farmer. Tonight we saw the letters that tried to keep that promise — and on Day 3, young Shivaji watched Dadoji's rule that no one touch a farmer's crop. Tomorrow: the saints, and a king who bowed to people who owned nothing.

Say it out loud

न्यायnyay
NYAA-y
justice, fairness
रयतrayat
RA-yat
the ordinary people, the farmers
पाटीलpatil
PAA-teel
a village headman
न्यायाधीशNyayadhish
nyaa-YAA-dheesh
the judge among the eight ministers
फणसphanas
pha-NAS
jackfruit — a tree not to be cut
जिझियाjizya
JIZ-yaa
a tax on non-Muslims, brought back in 1679
03

Tonight's collectible

The twenty-sixth badge

No fort tonight — just a vegetable patch, a mango tree and a village headman who thought he was too important for the law. A king is measured by how the smallest people in his kingdom are treated.

↻ Hover or tap the coin to turn it over.

04

For the grown-up reading aloud

Shivaji's administration in his own letters — and the stories, documented and legendary, of his justice.

History

The Chiplun letter

A letter dated 19 May 1673, addressed to the jumledars, havaldars and karkuns of the cavalry cantonment at Chiplun, orders that grain and fodder be bought for cash and forbids taking grain, bread, grass, firewood or vegetables from the ryots, warning that oppression would make the people say the troops were worse than the Mughals. (Some textbooks date a letter of this kind to 1674.) The saying "do not touch even the stalk of the ryot's vegetable" is a popular summary of these orders rather than an exact quotation.

Later text

The mango-and-jackfruit rule

The rule about trees comes from the navy section of the Ajnapatra, a treatise on Maratha statecraft completed about 1715–16 and attributed to Ramchandrapant Amatya (its authorship is debated). It allows teak to be cut with permission but forbids touching mango and jackfruit trees, which the people "have raised like their own children"; even a dying tree was to be bought with the owner's consent. It describes Shivaji's kingdom as remembered a generation later, not an order in his own hand.

History

The two seals on his letters

Shivaji's letters open with the Rajmudra (Day 6) and close with a smaller seal reading मर्यादेयं विराजते, "here the limit stands," marking where the text ends so that nothing could be added below it. Historians count only a few hundred of his letters surviving; they are the best evidence for how he wanted his officials to behave.

History

The patil of Ranjhe

About 1645–46, Babaji, the patil of Ranjhe (south-west of Pune), was found guilty of assaulting a woman. Biographies place the hearing at the Lal Mahal; the record of the judgment says his hands and feet were cut off and his patilki confiscated. We tell children only that he was "punished very severely". Sources date the case between 1645 and January 1646.

Legend

The daughter-in-law of Kalyan's governor

Kalyan was taken by Shivaji's forces in 1657. The story of the governor's daughter-in-law, returned with honour, is not found in contemporary records; it became famous through later paintings, plays and a popular Marathi song. We tell it as a legend.

History

What his enemies admitted

The Mughal chronicler Khafi Khan, generally hostile, records that Shivaji ordered his followers to do no harm to mosques, the Quran or women, and that he handed any captured Quran respectfully to Muslim followers. Jadunath Sarkar called Shivaji's chivalry to women and the strict morality of his camp "a wonder in that age". See also the bonus story Saints of every faith.

Debated

The jizya letter, 1679

Aurangzeb reimposed the jizya in April 1679. A Persian letter of protest argues that God is "the Lord of all men" and is remembered in both mosque and temple. Some earlier writers attributed it to a Rajput ruler; Jadunath Sarkar, working from a Persian copy that names the munshi Nil Prabhu as its writer, accepted it as Shivaji's. It is generally treated as his, but the attribution has been discussed.

05

The thirty-night journey

I · Dream is Born ✓
II · Lion Rises ✓
III · Shaking Empires ✓
IV · The Crown ✓
V · King & Legacy
Tonight Nights to come Nights told

Fact & legend, kept honest

History
The Chiplun letter (1673); cash wages and surrender of plunder; the Ranjhe case (c. 1645–46); Khafi Khan's testimony; the jizya reimposed in 1679.
Later text
The mango-and-jackfruit rule, from the Ajnapatra (c. 1715–16).
Legend
The Kalyan governor's daughter-in-law.
Debated
The authorship of the jizya letter; the exact date of the Ranjhe case.