Day 27 Act V · The King & the Legacy the saints of his land

The Saints

He would not be humbled by an emperor. But he bowed, gladly, to people who owned almost nothing: a poet-shopkeeper, a wandering monk, a silent holy man. Tonight: the king who knew how to bow.

01

Where the saints lived

Arabian Sea Godavari Bhima Pune Alandi · Dnyaneshwar Dehu · Tukaram Paithan · Eknath Pandharpur Vithoba's temple Chaphal Sajjangad · Ramdas Patgaon · Mauni Baba Raigad Kelshi · Yakub Baba the vari — the singing road
A land full of songs. Every year pilgrims walk from Alandi and Dehu to Pandharpur, singing. Ramdas lived near Satara; Mauni Baba near Kolhapur; and on the coast, the dargah of Yakub Baba.

🪷 Read the five bonus saint stories →

02

Tonight's telling

About 10 minutes, read aloud slowly · choose your language

Here is a riddle for tonight. Shivaji stood up to sultans. In Agra, on Day 16, he would not stand quietly where the emperor had placed him, among lesser nobles. So who did this proud, brave king bow down to? Not to rich men, and not to powerful ones. He bowed to people who owned almost nothing at all: the saints.

To understand why, we must remember the land he grew up in. Long before Shivaji, Maharashtra had been filled with songs by a line of saint-poets: Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, Eknath and many more. Every year crowds called Varkaris walked to the temple of Vithoba at Pandharpur, singing their verses all the way. And their songs said something brave: that a farmer, a tailor or a potter matters to God just as much as a king.

Dnyaneshwar had ended his great book with a prayer for the whole world, the Pasaydan. One of its lines says: "भूतां परस्परे जडो मैत्र जीवांचे" — "may all living beings be joined together in friendship." Shivaji grew up hearing songs like that, sung in fields and temples and on the road.

In Shivaji's own boyhood there was a saint quite close to Pune, in the village of Dehu: Tukaram. He had been a shopkeeper, until a terrible famine took away his wife and his little son, and broke his heart. Then he began to sing, and his songs, called abhangs, poured out by the thousand, in plain Marathi that anyone could understand. "Trees and creepers and the creatures of the forest," he sang, "are our own family."

There is a much-loved tradition about Tukaram and Shivaji. It is said that the young Shivaji sent him rich gifts and invited him to his court — and that Tukaram sent everything back, with a message: what would I do with gold? Make God your treasure. Tukaram left this world around 1650, when Shivaji was only about twenty, so we tell this as tradition. But it is a good lesson for a young prince.

The second saint lived in the very same hills as Shivaji, at the very same time: Samarth Ramdas. He believed that a person who loves God should also be strong, so that they can protect the weak. He built temples to Hanuman, where young people gathered to pray and to exercise, and he wrote little verses to his own mind, the Manache Shlok, which children still learn by heart.

In 1673 Shivaji's men took a hill fort near Satara and gave it a new name: Sajjangad, "the fort of good people." Around 1676, at Shivaji's invitation, Ramdas came to live there, and stayed for the rest of his life. A poem traditionally accepted as his gives Shivaji names that people still use: Shrimant Yogi, "the rich king who lives like a yogi," and Jaanta Raja, "the king who understands."

Many people believe Ramdas was Shivaji's guru — his spiritual teacher. Historians argue about it, sometimes very strongly, and no one is sure when the two first met. So we say it fairly: they respected each other deeply, and whether Ramdas was his guru is debated. The teacher who shaped him most as a child was his mother, Jijau.

The third saint never spoke at all. In the south of Maharashtra, near Kolhapur, in the village of Patgaon, lived a holy man who had taken a vow of silence: Mauni Baba. In 1676, before setting out on his long journey to the south, Shivaji went to see him. Imagine the Chhatrapati sitting quietly before a man who said nothing! Shivaji built the inner shrine of his math and arranged for food to be given there, every year, to a thousand people.

Shivaji himself was a man of deep faith. He prayed all his life to the goddess Bhavani of Tuljapur, his family's goddess, and on Pratapgad he had a temple built for her. On Raigad, close to his palace, stood the temple of Jagadishwar, "the Lord of the World." And on his journey south, as we saw on Day 25, he stayed for about ten days at the great Shiva temple of Srisailam.

Shivaji honoured holy people of other faiths, too. On the Konkan coast, at Kelshi, people say he asked the Sufi saint Yakub Baba for his blessing — a local tradition. And a chronicle written after his death records that he kept up the gifts that supported temples, and mosques, and the tombs of Muslim saints as well.

So why would a king bow to people with nothing? Perhaps because the saints reminded him of things a king can easily forget. That power is borrowed, not owned. That the poor farmer is as precious as the prince. That it is good to be strong, but better to be strong and kind. And that before a big decision, it helps to be still, and listen. A king who knows how to bow is a safer king to have.

And the saints gave swarajya something no army could: a people who sang the same songs, walked the same road to Pandharpur and believed that every person mattered. That is a strong thread to weave a kingdom from.

Now for the honest part. Many of the stories joining Shivaji to the saints were written down long after their time, and historians weigh them carefully. We have told you which parts are tradition and which are debated. Each saint has a bonus story of their own, if you would like to meet them properly.

Goodnight — tonight's badge: namrata, "humility" — the bravest king knew when to bow.

Pandharpur first appeared on Day 9; Mauni Baba's visit came just before the southern journey of Day 25. Each saint has a bonus story: the Varkaris, Tukaram, Ramdas, Mauni Baba and saints of every faith. Tomorrow is a gentle night: the last days at Raigad.

Say it out loud

संतsant
SUNT
a saint, a holy person
अभंगabhang
a-BHUNG
a devotional song-verse, like Tukaram's
वारकरीVarkari
VAAR-ka-ree
a pilgrim who walks to Pandharpur
सज्जनगडSajjangad
SUJ-jun-gud
"fort of good people," Ramdas's home
जाणता राजाJaanta Raja
JAA-ṇa-taa RAA-jaa
"the king who understands"
नम्रताnamrata
NUM-ra-taa
humility
03

Tonight's collectible

The twenty-seventh badge

A shopkeeper who sang, a monk who made people strong, a holy man who never spoke. None of them had an army — and each of them taught a king something.

↻ Hover or tap the coin to turn it over.

04

For the grown-up reading aloud

A summary night. Each saint's fuller story, with sources, is on the Saints pages.

Tradition

Tukaram and the returned gifts

Tukaram (c. 1608–1649/50) of Dehu lost his first wife and a child in the famine of about 1629–30. Abhangs attributed to him are addressed to a king who sent gifts; the identification with Shivaji, and stories of Shivaji attending his kirtans, come from later hagiography (notably Mahipati, 18th century). Given Shivaji's age at Tukaram's death, historians treat these as tradition. Full story →

Debated

Ramdas: Sajjangad, and the guru question

Parali was taken in 1673 and renamed Sajjangad; Ramdas lived there from about 1676 until his death (c. 1681–82). The date of their first meeting (1649 vs c. 1672) and whether Ramdas was Shivaji's guru are debated: Stewart Gordon and others argue they met late; others cite the praise-poem traditionally attributed to Ramdas and the honour shown at Sajjangad. Full story →

History

Mauni Baba of Patgaon

Shivaji visited Mauni Baba at Patgaon (Kolhapur district) in 1676, before the Karnataka campaign, built the inner shrine of his math and endowed it to feed a thousand people annually; historians such as G. S. Sardesai and T. S. Shejwalkar accept the connection. Full story →

Tradition

Yakub Baba of Kelshi

The link between Shivaji and Yakub Baba of Kelshi is a local tradition without contemporary documentation. Full story →

History

Grants to every faith

Sabhasad's chronicle (written in 1697) records that Shivaji continued the grants that supported temples and also those for mosques and the tombs of Muslim holy men.

05

The thirty-night journey

I · Dream is Born ✓
II · Lion Rises ✓
III · Shaking Empires ✓
IV · The Crown ✓
V · King & Legacy
Tonight Nights to come Nights told

Fact & legend, kept honest

History
The Varkari saints and the Pandharpur vari; Ramdas at Sajjangad from c. 1676; Shivaji's visit to Mauni Baba (1676); grants to temples, mosques and dargahs.
Tradition
Tukaram returning Shivaji's gifts; Yakub Baba's blessing.
Debated
Whether Ramdas was Shivaji's guru, and when they first met.